======== Examples ======== .. raw:: html .. role:: orange .. |13C| replace:: :sup:`13`\ C .. |1H| replace:: :sup:`1`\ H .. |CH| replace:: :orange:`C`\ H .. |CH2| replace:: :orange:`C`\ H\ :sub:`2` .. |CH3| replace:: :orange:`C`\ H\ :sub:`3` .. |html_br| raw:: html
.. |latex_br| raw:: latex \\ Example 1: Excitation and Precession of a Single Spin ----------------------------------------------------- Let us start with a simple example of an uncoupled spin, for which the DROPS display is equivalent to the well-known vector representation. Selecting :menuselection:`Spin System --> 1-Spin` selects a single-spin system. By default, the initial state is :pton:`I1z` (representing “z magnetization”). The red vector in the transparent red sphere should point along the z axis: .. drops:: I1z :prefs: Current Layout=1 :sequence: Standard/PulDel100msec :class: border :height: 350px By default, initially, the single spin is seen approximately from the positive z axis, dragging upward results in, for example, the view in Figure :numref:`examples_drugup`. You can manipulate the 3D display directly. Use one finger or the mouse to rotate the display like a trackball, or two fingers to pinch-zoom and rotate. For more information, see :ref:`Manipulating the DROPS Display`. .. drops:: I1z :prefs: Current Layout=1 :sequence: Standard/PulDel100msec :class: border :height: 350px :view: C :name: examples_drugup :caption: Rotated view :link: E1 Display Operator =================== In order to see the currently displayed product operator, select :menuselection:`View --> List Prod. Ops`. As shown below, the list of product operators representing the current state contains only the term `z`, corresponding to :pton:`I1z`. Its coefficient has no imaginary part and the real part is 1. (If a different initial state is shown, select :menuselection:`Initial State --> I1z`.) .. drops:: I1z :nspin: 1 :class: border :link: :sequence: Standard/PulDel100msec :window: List Basis Elems E1 Edit Sequence ================ Also by default, the pulse sequence should be a 90°y pulse followed by a delay of 100 milliseconds. The pulse sequence is displayed schematically at the bottom of the screen. The 90°y pulse is represented by a yellow rectangle. In order to see the detailed parameters of the currently selected pulse sequence, select :menuselection:`Pulse Sequence --> Edit Sequence...`. This displays the editable list shown in Figure :numref:`examples_listedit`. As expected, it consists of two elements: A 90°y pulse followed by a delay of 100 milliseconds. If a different pulse sequence is listed, select :menuselection:`Pulse Sequence --> 90°-T --> Pulse Delay T=100 ms`. .. drops:: I1z :name: examples_listedit :sequence: Standard/PulDel100msec :window: SequenceEditTable :caption: The sequence editor :class: border :link: E1 Change Spin Params ===================== By default, the offset frequency of the spin **I1** is `ν1 = 1 Hz`. This can be checked (or modified) by selecting :menuselection:`Spin System --> Parameters...`. .. drops:: I1z :nspin: 1; v1=1 :sequence: Standard/PulDel100msec :window: SysParamWindow :class: border :link: The displayed parameter and its current value is indicated above the slider: “v1 = 1.00 Hz”. E1 View Simulation ================== Pressing the play button at the bottom of the screen starts the simulation of the pulse sequence, and immediately shows the effects on the state. The pulse flips the spin by 90° around the y axis from z to x. During the delay, the spin rotates (precesses) around the z axis. The current time point is indicated by a circle and a vertical line. .. drops:: I1z :nspin: 1; v1=1 :sequence: Standard/PulDel100msec :window: SysParamWindow :time: 0.08 :class: border :link: At the end of the sequence, the spin points along the x axis. As described in more detail in the :doc:`tutorial`, the buttons at the bottom of the screen allow you to interactively :ref:`control the simulation `. For example, you can slow down or speed up the simulation or run the simulation in a loop. After stopping or pausing the simulation, you can change the current time point by moving the time cursor. E1 View Param Changes ===================== .. drops:: I1z :nspin: 1; v1=0.2 :sequence: Standard/PulDel100msec :window: SysParamWindow :time: 0.08 :class: border :link: You can also change the offset frequency (i.e. the rotation frequency during the delay) interactively while the simulation is running and immediately see the effect of the parameter change. Here, for :math:`v1=0.2 Hz`, the magnetization vector at the end of the delay points closer to the x axis than was the case with :math:`v1=1 Hz`. .. note:: In this simple example, you learned how to define a spin system, the spin system parameters, the initial state, the pulse sequence and how to run and control the simulation. As we considered a single, uncoupled spin, the spin dynamics can be completely described by the well-known vector representation. In addition to the “magnetization vector”, the corresponding single-spin droplet (consisting of a red and green sphere) of the DROPS representation was displayed. Although this did not provide any additional information in this case, it is interesting to note that at all times, the magnetization vector is parallel to the corresponding droplet, i.e. to the axis formed by the centers of the green and red spheres. Hence, for the simple case of an uncoupled spin 1/2, the vector picture can be viewed as a special case of the DROPS representation. However, in contrast to the vector picture, the DROPS representation is not limited to uncoupled spins. E1 Further Exploration ====================== Suggestions for further exploration: Predict the effect of the pulse sequence for different initial states and check your prediction by running the simulation. Examples: * Observe the effect of the pulse sequence for the initial state :pton:`I1x` rather than :pton:`I1z`. * Observe the effect of the pulse sequence for the initial state :pton:`I1y`. What is the effect of the phase and/or flip angle of the excitation first pulse is modified? Selecting :menuselection:`Pulse Sequence --> Edit Sequences...` provides the Sequence List, which in this case consists of two sequence elements: (1) The pulse 90°y and (2) the Delay 100 ms. If you double tap on 90°y, a sub menu opens in which you can change the flip angle and the phase of the pulse. In most cases, the pulses of interest will be 90° or 180° pulses, which can be chosen directly. If you would like to change the 90°y pulse e.g. to a 45°y pulse, select `Other Pulse` and enter the desired flip angle in the number pad. Example 2: Rotation of :math:`I^+` Around the z Axis ---------------------------------------------------- In this example, we use the SpinDrops app to visualize the droplet of the +1-quantum coherence term :pton:`I1p = I1x + i I1y` and to see its evolution under z rotations. Choose :menuselection:`Spin System --> 1-Spin` and select :menuselection:`Initial State --> I1(+)`. For the sequence, select :menuselection:`Pulse Sequence --> z Rotation --> 360°(z)` To see the corresponding Cartesian product operators, select :menuselection:`View --> List Prod. Ops.` .. drops:: I1p :sequence: Standard/Pulse360degz :window: List Basis Elems :link: The left column of the list indicates the operator terms using the short-hand three-letter code (:ref:`Cartesian Basis`). On the right, the real and imaginary parts of the corresponding coefficients are displayed, which in general can be complex. E2 The Droplet ============== In the vector picture, the state :pton:`I1p = I1x + i I1y` is represented by two vectors: A real vector (red) pointing along the x axis and an imaginary vector (yellow) pointing along the y axis. .. list-table:: :class: no-cap-num nocol w100 * - :drop:`I1p` - `=` - :drop:`I1x` - `+` - :drop:`i*I1y` The corresponding droplet is a combination of the droplet for the operator :pton:`I1x` (consisting of a red and a green sphere) and the droplet for the operator :pton:`i I1y` (consisting of a yellow and blue sphere). E2 Progression ============== As the sequence progresses over time, the :pton:`I1p` droplet will rotate around the z-Axis. .. list-table:: :class: no-cap-num nocol w100 * - :drop:`I1p` - :drop:`exp(-i*pi/2)*I1p` - :drop:`exp(-i*pi)*I1p` - :drop:`exp(-i*3*pi/2)*I1p` - :drop:`exp(-i*2*pi)*I1p` * - :math:`0°_z` - :math:`90°_z` - :math:`180°_z` - :math:`270°_z` - :math:`360°_z` E2 Further Exploration ====================== Suggestions for further exploration: Observe the effect of the z rotation for different initial states, such as :pton:`I1m` or :pton:`I1x`. Apply different rotations (e.g. around the x or y axis) using pulses. Example 3: Weak Coupling Evolution in a Two-Spin System ------------------------------------------------------- Select :menuselection:`Spin System --> 2-Spin` and choose :pton:`I1x` as the initial state by selecting :menuselection:`Initial State --> I1x`. Select :menuselection:`Pulse Sequence --> Delay T --> T = 1 s`. In :menuselection:`Pulse Sequence --> Edit Sequence` double tap the delay and set it to :math:`2 s`. Change the spin system parameters to `v1=0 Hz, v2=0Hz, J12=1 Hz` (if the parameter window is not visible, select :menuselection:`Spin System --> Parameters...`). .. drops:: I1x :nspin: 2; v1=0; v2=0; J12=1 :height: 350px :sequence: Standard/FreeEvo1sec :window: SysParamWindow :class: border :link: Push the play button to run the simulation. Initially, the droplet representing the linear spin operators of **I1** shrinks and a new droplet emerges between **I1** and **I2**, corresponding to the antiphase operator :pton:`2I1yI2z` (confirm using :menuselection:`View --> List Prod. Ops.` or using the right-hand rule). After 0.5 seconds (corresponding to :math:`1/(2 J12)`, the **I1** spin droplet has completely vanished and the :ref:`bilinear ` :math:`\{I1,I2\}` droplet has reached its maximum size. .. drops:: I1x :nspin: 2; v1=0; v2=0; J12=1 :height: 350px :sequence: Standard/FreeEvo1sec :time: 0.5 :window: List Basis Elems :class: border :link: E3 Evolution ============ .. drops:: I1x :nspin: 2; v1=0; v2=0; J12=1 :height: 350px :sequence: Standard/FreeEvo1sec :time: 1.0 :window: List Basis Elems :class: border :link: |html_br| |latex_br| .. image:: _images/page111_jevo_in_2spin.png :width: 45% :align: right After 1 second (corresponding to :math:`1/J12`), the :math:`\{I1,I2\}` droplet vanishes and the **I1** droplet reaches its maximum size again. However, notice that the sign of the **I1** droplet (and of the magnetization vector) is inverted compared to the initial state at :math:`t = 0 s`. After 2 seconds (corresponding to :math:`2/J12`), the initial state :pton:`I1x` is reproduced. If the simulation is set to repeat mode, this will result in a continuous oscillation between the two droplets. This simulation visualizes the well-known evolution of :pton:`I1x` in the presence of a J coupling (in the weak coupling limit), which is given by :pton:`I1x cos(π J12 t ) + 2I1yI2z sin(π J12 t)`. For :pton:`J12 = 1 Hz` and :math:`t = 0.5 s`, the argument :pton:`(π J12 t ) = π/2`, i.e. the state is given by :pton:`I1x cos (π/2) + 2I1yI2z sin (π/2) = 2I1yI2z`. For :math:`t = 1 s, 1.5 s`, and :math:`2 s`, the state is :pton:`-I1x`, :pton:`-2I1yI2z`, and :pton:`I1x`, respectively. E3 Further Exploration ====================== Suggestions for further exploration: #. What happens if the offset frequency **v1** is set to non-zero values? #. What is the effect if the offset frequency **v2** is set to non-zero values? #. What happens if the initial state is :pton:`I1z`? Example 4: Refocusing of Offset and Coupling Effects ---------------------------------------------------- In this example, we illustrate the effect of 180° pulses on the evolution of a two-spin system. Select :menuselection:`Spin System --> 2-Spin` and set :pton:`J12 = 1 Hz` using the parameter slider (in :menuselection:`Spin System --> Parameters...`). .. list-table:: Evolution under coupling :class: no-cap-num nocol w100 :name: examples_e4t * - .. drops:: I1x :nspin: 2; v1=0; v2=0; J12=1 :time: 0 :width: 40% :sequence: Standard/Delay1over2J12 :aspect: 120% :caption: t=0 :event: id:MainFrame,e:KDOWN,k:109 :link: - .. drops:: I1x :nspin: 2; v1=0; v2=0; J12=1 :time: 0.25 :width: 40% :sequence: Standard/Delay1over2J12 :aspect: 120% :caption: t=0.25 :event: id:MainFrame,e:KDOWN,k:109 :link: - .. drops:: I1x :nspin: 2; v1=0; v2=0; J12=1 :time: 0.5 :width: 40% :sequence: Standard/Delay1over2J12 :aspect: 120% :caption: t=0.5 :event: id:MainFrame,e:KDOWN,k:109 :link: |html_clear| |latex_clear| We consider the evolution of the initial state :pton:`I1x` (select :menuselection:`Initial State --> I1x`) during a delay :pton:`T = 1/(2 J12) = 0.5 s` (select :menuselection:`Pulse Sequence --> Delay T --> T=1/(2·J12)`. The panels above show the DROPS visualization of the system at :math:`t = 0 s`, :math:`t = 1/(4 J12) = 0.25 s`, and :math:`t = 1/(4 J12) = 0.5 s`, for the case where both offset frequencies are zero (**ν1** = **ν2** = :math:`0 Hz`). In this case, initial x magnetization of the first spin (:pton:`I1x`) evolves under the weak coupling Hamiltonian during the delay :math:`T = 1/(2 J12)` completely to the anti-phase operator :pton:`2I1yI2z`. In the following, we simulate the resulting final state without and with additional 180° pulses in the center of the delay T, assuming a non-zero offset frequency of the first spin (:math:`ν1 = 0.5 Hz`). E4 Refocusing of Offset Effects =============================== .. image:: _images/page114_refocusing.png For :math:`ν1 = 0.5 Hz` and :math:`J12 = 1 Hz`, simulations are shown for :math:`t1 = 0 s`, :math:`t2 = T/2` = :math:`1/(4 J12)` = :math:`0.25 s`, :math:`t3 = t2` (assuming a negligible duration of the 180° pulses) and :math:`t4 = T = 1/(2 J12) = 0.5 s`. :pton:`I1x` evolves a. to :pton:`-2I1xI2z` in the absence of pulses during the delay T, b. to :pton:`I1x` if a spin **I1**-selective 180°x pulse is irradiated at T/2, c. to :pton:`I1y` if a spin **I2**-selective 180°x pulse is irradiated at T/2, d. to :pton:`2I1yI2z` if **I1**- and **I2**-selective 180°x pulses are irradiated at T/2. .. drops:: I1z :nspin: 2; v1=0.5; v2=0; J12=1 :sequence: Standard/Echo1over4J12 :aspect: 210% :time: 0.25 :class: border :caption: [click to try (d) interactively in another window] :event: id:MainFrame,e:KDOWN,k:109 :link: These results reflect the well-known fact that in case a. offset and coupling terms of the Hamiltonian are active. b. the effect of the coupling and of the offset ν1 are refocused. c. the effect of the coupling and of the offset ν2 are refocused but ν1 is active. d. the simultaneously irradiated **I1**- and **I2**-selective 180°x pulses at T/2 (corresponding to a non-selective 180°x pulse for the two-spin system) refocus frequency-offset effects but the coupling evolution is active. For the initial state :pton:`I1x`, this is confirmed by the resulting final state of the system at t4 = T = 1/(2 J12) = 0.5 s for different offsets ν1 of 0 Hz, 0.5 Hz, 1 Hz and 1.5 Hz. .. image:: _images/page115_refocus2.png E4 Further Exploration ====================== Suggestions for further exploration: - Does the offset ν2 of the second spin have any effect in the experiment from the example? What if we start with the initial state :pton:`I2x` instead of :pton:`I1x`? - How would the results change if 180°y pulses rather than 180°x pulses were used in the example? - Explore the effects of selective and non-selective 180° pulses in three-spin systems. - Explain the results of the refocusing experiments using the product operator formalism. Example 5: Spectral Editing --------------------------- The :term:`DEPT` experiment (Distortionless Enhancement of Polarization Transfer) makes it possible to distinguish :orange:`C`, |CH|, |CH2|, and |CH3| groups. The |1H| spins are excited and the amplitude and sign of the detected |13C| spin depends on the number of attached protons. The basic pulse sequence of the DEPT experiment has the form :code:`90°x(H) - T - 180°x(H),90°x(C) - T - θ y(H),180°x(C) - T` where the flip angle :math:`θ` of the editing |1H| pulse is 45°, 90° or 135° and the delay T is :math:`1/(2 J_{CH})`. The experiment relies on polarization transfer so that only signal originating from |1H| polarization is detected on the |13C| frequency. Hence, the spins of |13C| atoms without attached |1H| atoms do not yield any detectable signal. Predicting the |13C| signals of |CH|, |CH2|, and |CH3| is less simple. As up to three spins 1/2 can be considered in the current version of SpinDrops, it is only possible to simulate the relative size and sign of of the final |13C| magnetization for |CH| and |CH2| groups (and hence of the relative size and sign of the corresponding |13C| NMR signal), but not yet |CH3|. In the following, we will assume that spin **I2** represents a |13C| spin and spins **I1** and **I3** represent |1H| spins: .. list-table:: :class: nocol * - |CH| system - .. graph:: foo node[shape=circle] rankdir=LR "I1 (H)" -- "I2 (C)"; "I2 (C)"[color=orangered] - with J12 ≠ 0 * - |CH2| system - .. graph:: foo2 node[shape=circle] rankdir=LR "I1 (H)" -- "I2 (C)"; "I2 (C)" -- "I3 (H)"; "I2 (C)"[color=orangered] - with J12 = J23 ≠ 0, and J13 = 0. E5 DEPT-45 ========== Select :menuselection:`Spin System --> 3-Spin Chain`. To simulate the |CH| system, set J12 = 1 Hz, J13 = 0 Hz, and J23 = 0 Hz (:menuselection:`Spin System --> Parameters`) and define the initial state as :pton:`I1z` (Initial Selecting :menuselection:`Initial State --> I1z`). For the |CH2| system, set J12 = 1 Hz and J23 = 1 Hz and define the initial state as :pton:`I1z+I3z` (:menuselection:`Initial State --> Edit Operator`). Select :menuselection:`Pulse Sequence --> Sequence List --> Heteronuclear --> DEPT-45` and run the simulation. Notice that in both cases the final magnetization vector of spin **I2** is pointing in the positive x direction. .. drops:: I1z :nspin: 3; v1=0; v2=0; J12=1; J13=0; J23=0 :sequence: Standard/DEPT45 :aspect: 180% :time: 1.6 :view: Bp130 :height: 350px :prefs: Current Layout=3 :caption: DEPT-45 :math:`CH` : J12 = 1 Hz :class: border :event: id:MainFrame,e:KDOWN,k:109 :link: .. drops:: I1z + I3z :nspin: 3; v1=0; v2=0; J12=1; J13=0; J23=1 :sequence: Standard/DEPT45 :aspect: 180% :time: 1.6 :view: Bp130 :height: 350px :prefs: Current Layout=3 :caption: DEPT-45 :math:`CH_2` : J12 = 1 Hz, J23 = 1 Hz :class: border :event: id:MainFrame,e:KDOWN,k:109 :link: E5 DEPT-90 ========== Select :menuselection:`Pulse Sequence --> Sequence List --> Heteronuclear --> DEPT-90` and run the simulation. Note that compared to the DEPT-45 sequence shown on the previous page, the flip angle :math:`θ` of the editing pulse has changed from 45° to 90° (the yellow pulses). In DEPT-90, the final magnetization vector of spin **I2** is pointing in the positive x direction for |CH| (orange ellipse). However, for |CH2| the final magnetization vector of spin **I2** is zero (orange ellipse). This results in positive |13C|-NMR signals for |CH| groups but no |13C|-NMR signals for |CH2| groups. .. drops:: I1z :nspin: 3; v1=0; v2=0; J12=1; J13=0; J23=0 :sequence: Standard/DEPT90 :aspect: 180% :time: 1.6 :view: Bp130 :height: 350px :prefs: Current Layout=3 :caption: DEPT-90 :math:`CH` : J12 = 1 Hz :class: border :event: id:MainFrame,e:KDOWN,k:109 :link: .. drops:: I1z + I3z :nspin: 3; v1=0; v2=0; J12=1; J13=0; J23=1 :sequence: Standard/DEPT90 :aspect: 180% :time: 1.6 :view: Bp130 :height: 350px :prefs: Current Layout=3 :caption: DEPT-90 :math:`CH_2` : J12 = 1 Hz, J23 = 1 Hz :class: border :event: id:MainFrame,e:KDOWN,k:109 :link: E5 DEPT-135 =========== Selecting :menuselection:`Pulse Sequence --> Sequence List --> Heteronuclear --> DEPT-135` changes the flip angle θ of the editing pulses to 135°. In this case of DEPT-135, the final magnetization vector of spin **I2** is pointing in the positive x direction for the |CH| system, whereas it is pointing in the negative x direction for the |CH2| system. This results in positive and negative |13C|-NMR signals for |CH| and |CH2| groups, respectively. .. drops:: I1z :nspin: 3; v1=0; v2=0; J12=1; J13=0; J23=0 :sequence: Standard/DEPT135 :aspect: 180% :time: 1.6 :view: Bp130 :height: 350px :prefs: Current Layout=3 :caption: DEPT-135 :math:`CH` : J12 = 1 Hz :class: border :event: id:MainFrame,e:KDOWN,k:109 :link: .. drops:: I1z + I3z :nspin: 3; v1=0; v2=0; J12=1; J13=0; J23=1 :sequence: Standard/DEPT135 :aspect: 180% :time: 1.6 :view: Bp130 :height: 350px :prefs: Current Layout=3 :caption: DEPT-135 :math:`CH_2` : J12 = 1 Hz, J23 = 1 Hz :class: border :event: id:MainFrame,e:KDOWN,k:109 :link: E5 Further Exploration ====================== Suggestions for further exploration: - What are the expected relative signal amplitudes for |CH| and |CH2| groups in DEPT-45, DEPT-90 and DEPT-135? (Tip: Remember that you can always display the coefficients of the product operator terms by selecting :menuselection:`View --> List Prod. Ops.`) - Does the final DROPS display (and hence the final state of the spin system) depend on the offset frequencies ν1, ν2, ν3? - Which product operator terms are created at the end of DEPT-45, DEPT-90, and DEPT-135 in addition to the desired magnetization of spin **I2**? - Calculate the effect of the DEPT experiments analytically using the standard product operator formalism and compare the results with the DROPS simulations. What are the expected relative signal amplitudes for |CH3| groups in DEPT-45, DEPT-90 and DEPT-135? Example 6: TOCSY Transfer in a Two-Spin System ---------------------------------------------- In this example, we explore the transfer of x magnetization in the isotropic mixing period of TOCSY experiments, where isotropic mixing conditions are created by a multiple-pulse sequence. Select :menuselection:`Spin System --> 2 Spins` and choose :pton:`I1x` as the initial state by selecting :menuselection:`Initial State --> I1x`. Choose the isotropic mixing sequence for two spins by selecting :menuselection:`Pulse Sequence --> Sequence List --> Homonuclear --> Isotropic Mixing`. .. drops:: I1x :nspin: 2; v1=0; v2=0; J12=1 :sequence: Standard/IM12 :time: 0 :window: SysParamWindow :aspect: 180% :view: Br131 :class: border :caption: Before isotropic mixing :link: The isotropic mixing period is indicated by a grey rectangle. Set the coupling J12 to 1 Hz. (Here, the offset frequencies v1 and v2 are irrelevant as they are effectively suppressed by the isotropic mixing sequence.) Interestingly, after 0.5 seconds, corresponding to :math:`t = 1/(2 J12)`, the initial state :pton:`I1x` has turned completely into :pton:`I2x`, i.e. x magnetization has been fully transferred from the first to the second spin). .. drops:: I1x :nspin: 2 :sequence: Standard/IM12 :time: 0.5 :window: List Basis Elems :aspect: 180% :view: Br131 :class: border :caption: After isotropic mixing :link: E6 TOCSY Transfer Return ======================== Under the isotropic mixing Hamiltonian, the initial state .. math:: \rho(0)\ =&\ I_{1x} \\ \\ \text{evolves to} \\ \\ \rho(t)\ =&\ I_{1x} \cos^2 (\pi J_{12} t) \\ &+ (2I_{1y}I_{2z} - 2I_{1z}I_{2y}) \cos(\pi J_{12} t) \sin(\pi J_{12} t) \\ &+ I_{2x} \sin^2 (\pi J_{12} t) Creating a circulation like: .. digraph:: foo3 layout="circo"; "I1x" -> "I1yI2z - I1zI2y" -> "I2x" -> "I1zI2y - I1yI2z" -> "I1x"; This can be verified by using Figure :numref:`example_6a` as a starting point, and extending the duration of the isotropic mixing period to :math:`1 s` (or more, by selecting :menuselection:`Pulse Sequence --> Edit Sequences...`, double tapping Hiso12, and changing the pulse length from :code:`0.5/J12` to :code:`1/J12`.) .. drops:: I1x :name: example_6a :nspin: 2 :sequence: Standard/IM12 :time: 0.5 :window: SequenceEditTable :aspect: 180% :view: Br131 :class: border :caption: Change the pulse length here :link: For :math:`t = 1/(4J12)` (corresponding to :math:`t = 0.25 s` for :math:`J12 = 1 Hz`), the argument :pton:`(π J12 t) = π J12/(4J12) = π/4` and :math:`\cos(π J12 t ) = \sin(π J12 t ) = \frac{1}{\sqrt 2}`. Hence the state is :pton:`0.5 I1x + (I1yI2z - I1zI2y) + 0.5 I2x` and the bilinear droplet located between **I1** and **I2** reaches its maximum value. For :math:`t = 1/(2J12) = 0.5 s`, :math:`(π J12 t ) = π J12/(2J12) = π/2` and :math:`cos(π J12 t ) = 0`, :math:`sin(π J12 t ) = 1`. Hence, the state is :pton:`I2x`, i.e. the initial x magnetization has been fully transferred from spin :math:`I_1` to spin :math:`I_2`. For :math:`t = 1/J12 = 1 s`, the state is again :pton:`I1x` and the cycle starts anew. Example 7: Inversion of Multiple-Quantum Coherence -------------------------------------------------- In the standard SpinDrops representation, a non-selective 180°y pulse simply rotates the droplets by 180° around the y axis. This is illustrated here for the initial operator :pton:`I1pI2pI3p` (select :menuselection:`Initial State --> MQ (+/- ops) --> 3Q(I1,I2,I3) --> 2*I1(+)*I2(+)*I3(+)` ). .. drops:: I1pI2pI3p :sequence: Standard/Pulse180degy :window: List Basis Elems :class: border In addition to the initial orientation of the droplet, the snapshots show its orientations after rotations of 45°, 135°, and 180° around the y axis. .. list-table:: Inverting :pton:`I1pI2pI3p` :class: nocol no-cap-num w100 :name: examples_e7 * - .. drops:: 3I1pI2pI3p :sequence: Standard/Pulse180degy :time: 0 :width: 40% :view: B180 :caption: 0° :link: :event: id:MainFrame,e:KDOWN,k:109 :nspin: 3; Homonuclear=1; v1=0; v2=0; v3=0; J12=0; J13=0; J23=0 - .. drops:: 3I1pI2pI3p :sequence: Standard/Pulse180degy :time: 0.0125 :width: 40% :view: B180 :caption: 45° :link: :event: id:MainFrame,e:KDOWN,k:109 :nspin: 3; Homonuclear=1; v1=0; v2=0; v3=0; J12=0; J13=0; J23=0 - .. drops:: 3I1pI2pI3p :sequence: Standard/Pulse180degy :time: 0.0375 :width: 40% :view: B180 :caption: 135° :link: :event: id:MainFrame,e:KDOWN,k:109 :nspin: 3; Homonuclear=1; v1=0; v2=0; v3=0; J12=0; J13=0; J23=0 - .. drops:: 3I1pI2pI3p :sequence: Standard/Pulse180degy :time: 0.05 :width: 40% :view: B180 :caption: 180° :link: :event: id:MainFrame,e:KDOWN,k:109 :nspin: 3; Homonuclear=1; v1=0; v2=0; v3=0; J12=0; J13=0; J23=0 The fact that this operation also inverts the coherence order from :math:`p=+3` to :math:`p=-3` can be inferred from the direction of the rainbow colors of the initial and final droplet orientations. However, this can be seen more directly by separating the droplet according to coherence order :math:`p`: In the previous examples, the :ref:`Standard Plane` display mode was selected. To separate the droplets according to coherence order :math:`p`, choose :menuselection:`View --> Separation --> Coh. Order p`. In :ref:`this display mode `, the change of coherence order from :math:`p=+3` to :math:`p=-3` (via all the intermediate coherence orders) can be clearly followed. In :ref:`Coh. Order p ` display mode, the droplets are arranged in planes with coherence order :math:`p=3` at the top and :math:`p=-3` at the bottom, as explained in :doc:`drops_props`. The black triangle in the center corresponds to :math:`p=0`. .. drops:: I1pI2pI3p :sequence: Standard/Pulse180degx :prefs: Current Separation=3 :class: border :view: C80 :link: E7 Further Exploration ====================== Suggestions for further exploration: - Study the effect of pulses and delays on various initial states of pure or mixed coherence orders. - Test the different display modes with droplet separations based on coherence order :math:`p`, the absolute value of coherence order :math:`|p|` and/or tensor rank :math:`j`.